What Is APA Citation?
APA (American Psychological Association) Style is the most commonly used referencing and citation style in academia, particularly social sciences. This guide will help students and researchers learn how to produce a properly formatted research document in accordance with the guidelines of APA.
Formatting Rules of APA Citations
Following are the basic formatting regulations you need to adhere to when following the APA citation method.
- Indent all paragraphs in the body.
- Keep all text double-spaced.
- Keep the page margins to 1 inch on all sides.
- Utilize a 12-point font throughout the document.
- Add page numbers in the upper right-hand corner.
- Keep the title center-aligned with your name and the name of your school below it.
- The running head (a shorter version of the title) should be included in the upper left-hand corner of every page.
- All punctuation marks should be followed by one space.
Types of APA Citations - The APA style uses the following two citation types:
In-text citation; this is a "short citation" used within the text of an academic paper, thesis, or research study.
Full citation or reference; this is the "full form" of an APA citation that is included in reference list at the end of a term paper, thesis, or research study.
In the text, in-text citations are placed next to the cited line. They indicate to the reader that this information comes from a cited source and is verified. Furthermore, the reference list at the end includes complete details of the source.
Following the APA method means that you'll have to add both types of citations to your document. All in-text citations must have a corresponding entry in the reference list at the end.
In-Text Citations - In-text citations usually include an author's surname followed by the publication year. They're separated by a comma and one space in between. Page numbers are also included when quotes have to be added to the text.
Parenthetical Citations - In a parenthetical citation, the author's name and year of publication are added at the end of a sentence. Consider the following example.
"Working memory and inhibition in young children were studied thoroughly (Aase, 2014)."
Narrative Citations - The author's name is usually part of the text in narrative citations. The publication year is added in parenthesis after the name. An example is given below.
"Barbarin (2013) assessed socioemotional learning in young African males."
Page Numbers -As stated earlier, page numbers are added to an in-text citation when quotes have to be used. Take a look at the examples below.
Narrative Citation -
Ahmed (2004, p. 44)
Ahmed (2004, pp. 53–56)
Parenthetical Citation -
(Ahmed, 2004, p. 44)
(Ahmed, 2004, pp. 53–56)
Reference List Entries - Also called "full citations," reference list entries usually have four parts. These are listed below.
- Author field
- Year of publication
- Title of the work (in "quotation marks" or "italics")
- Source from where the reference has been acquired (such as DOI, URL, etc.)
Based on the source, extra information like publication title, volume number, medium, contributors, etc., might also be needed.
Following are some examples of reference list entries.
Journal Articles
If the source is a journal article, the title must be in sentence case. The first word of a subtitle has to be capitalized. Moreover, the title of the journal and its volume number is italicized.
In case the article has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), it must always be added. That is done by putting "https://doi.org/" before the DOI. If there's no DOI, add the URL instead. Don't add a period (.) after the URL or DOI.
Take a look at the example below.
"Collins, R. (2004). Rituals of solidarity and security in the wake of a terrorist attack. Sociological Theory, 22(1), 53–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2004.00204.x"
Books
If the source is a book, the title is italicized in sentence case. Below is an example.
"Ahmed, S. (2014). The cultural politics of emotion. Edinburgh University Press."
Websites
For a website, the title has to be in plain text. On the other hand, the website name is put in italics. Take a look at the example below.
"Lamberth, H. (2021, August 12). Binge drinking is problem drinking: How to get back in control. PSYCOM. https://www.psycom.net/binge-drinking-problem-drinking"
Magazine or Newspaper Articles
The title has to be kept in sentence case and plain text for magazine and newspaper articles. In contrast, the title of the magazine or newspaper must be italicized.
Newspaper and magazine articles take the same style. The article's title is in plain text and sentence case; the title of the newspaper or the magazine is set in italics. Follow the format given in the template and example for setting the date, month, and year.
"TNN. (2021, July 18). Parents have a habit of comparing kids to others but you don't need to. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/sunday-times/parents-have-a-habit-of-comparing-kids-to-others-but-you-dont-need-to/articleshow/84507857.cms"